Researchers at Linköping University, Sweden, have developed a stable high-conductivity polymer ink. The new n-type material comes in the form of ink with ethanol as the solvent. Credit: Thor Balkhed

A High-Conductivity N-Type Polymeric Ink for Printed Electronics

Researchers at Linköping University, Sweden, have developed a stable high-conductivity polymer ink. The advance paves the way for innovative printed electronics with high energy efficiency. The results have been published in Nature Communications.

Electrically conducting polymers have made possible the development of flexible and lightweight electronic components such as organic biosensors, solar cells, light-emitting diodes, transistors, and batteries.

The electrical properties of the conducting polymers can be tuned using a method known as “doping”. In this method, various dopant molecules are added to the polymer to change its properties. Depending on the dopant, the doped polymer can conduct electricity by the motion of either negatively charged electrons (an “n-type” conductor), or positively charged holes (a “p-type” conductor). Today, the most commonly used conducting polymer is the p-type conductor PEDOT:PSS. PEDOT:PSS has several compelling features such as high electrical conductivity, excellent ambient stability, and most importantly, commercial availability as an aqueous dispersion. However, many electronic devices require a combination of p-types and n-types to function. At the moment, there is no n-type equivalent to PEDOT:PSS.

Researchers at Linköping University, Sweden, have developed a stable high-conductivity polymer ink. The ink can be deposited by simply spraying the solution onto a surface, making organic electronic devices easier and cheaper to manufacture. Credit: Thor Balkhed

Researchers at Linköping University, together with colleagues in the US and South Korea, have now developed a conductive n-type polymer ink, stable in air and at high temperatures. This new polymer formulation is known as BBL:PEI.

“This is a major advance that makes the next generation of printed electronic devices possible. The lack of a suitable n-type polymer has been like walking on one leg when designing functional electronic devices. We can now provide the second leg”, says Simone Fabiano, senior lecturer in the Department of Science and Technology at Linköping University.

Chi-Yuan Yang is a postdoc at Linköping University and one of the principal authors of the article published in Nature Communications. He adds:

“Everything possible with PEDOT:PSS is also possible with our new polymer. The combination of PEDOT:PSS and BBL:PEI opens new possibilities for the development of stable and efficient electronic circuits”, says Chi-Yuan Yang.

The new n-type material comes in the form of ink with ethanol as the solvent. The ink can be deposited by simply spraying the solution onto a surface, making organic electronic devices easier and cheaper to manufacture. Also, the ink is more eco-friendly than many other n-type organic conductors currently under development, which instead contain harmful solvents. Simone Fabiano believes that the technology is ready for routine use.

“Large-scale production is already feasible, and we are thrilled to have come so far in a relatively short time. We expect BBL:PEI to have the same impact as PEDOT:PSS. At the same time, much remains to be done to adapt the ink to various technologies, and we need to learn more about the material”, says Simone Fabiano.

Reference: “A high-conductivity n-type polymeric ink for printed electronics” by Chi-Yuan Yang, Marc-Antoine Stoeckel, Tero-Petri Ruoko, Han-Yan Wu, Xianjie Liu, Nagesh B. Kolhe, Ziang Wu, Yuttapoom Puttisong, Chiara Musumeci, Matteo Massetti, Hengda Sun, Kai Xu, Deyu Tu, Weimin M. Chen, Han Young Woo, Mats Fahlman, Samson A. Jenekhe, Magnus Berggren and Simone Fabiano, 21 April 2021, Nature Communications.DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22528-y

The research was financed by the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, the Swedish Research Council, the Åforsk Foundation, the Olle Engkvist Foundation, Vinnova, and the strategic research area Advanced Functional Materials at Linköping University.

Footnotes:

• PEDOT:PSS is an abbreviation for poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate.
• BBL:PEI is an abbreviation for poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline):poly(ethyleneimine).