An international research team has discovered that the piezoelectric properties of Hf_0.5Zr_0.5O₂ capacitors can be dynamically altered by external electrical cycling, leading to the inversion of the piezoelectric effect’s sign. This revelation, supported by density functional theory, suggests the possibility of creating non-piezoelectric ferroelectric compounds, opening new avenues for the development of advanced ferroelectric HfO2-based devices. Credit: SciTechDaily.com

Hafnium oxide thin films are a fascinating class of materials with robust ferroelectric properties in the nanometer range. While the ferroelectric behavior is extensively studied, results on piezoelectric effects have so far remained mysterious. A new study now shows that the piezoelectricity in ferroelectric Hf_0.5Zr_0.5O₂ thin films can be dynamically changed by electric field cycling. Another ground-breaking result is a possible occurrence of an intrinsic non-piezoelectric ferroelectric compound. These unconventional features in hafnia offer new options for use in microelectronics and information technology.

Since 2011, it has been known that certain hafnium oxides, are ferroelectric, that is, they possess a spontaneous electric polarization whose direction can be switched in the opposite one by applying an external electric field. All ferroelectrics exhibit piezoelectricity and, most often, a positive longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient (d₃₃). This means that the crystal expands if the applied electric field is in the same direction as the electrical polarization.

However, for hafnia, studies have shown contradictory results, with different hafnia films expanding or contracting in the same experimental conditions. Moreover, the ferroelectric polarization can apparently switch against the electrical field, which is called “anomalous” switching.

The effect: polarisation and electric field are pointing in the same direction. With positive d33, the sample expands, whereas the material is contracting when d33 is negative. Credit: Laura Canil

Unconventional Behavior Investigated

An international collaboration led by Prof. Dr. Catherine Dubourdieu, HZB, has now elucidated for the first time some aspects of these mysterious results and discovered an unconventional behavior in hafnia. They investigated Hf_0.5Zr_0.5O₂ (HZO) capacitors using piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM): a conductive needle scans the sample surface under a small electrical voltage and measures the local piezoelectric response.

Switching Piezoelectricity

Their study revealed that piezoelectricity in HZO is not an invariable parameter but is a dynamic entity that can be changed, in the very same material, by an external stimulus such as electrical cycling. The ferroelectric HZO capacitors undergo a complete uniform inversion of the piezoelectric d₃₃ coefficient sign, from positive to negative, upon electric field cycling. Every single location of the ferroelectric capacitor undergoes such a change passing through zero local piezoelectricity upon suitable number of ac cycles.

PFM phase images of a W/HZO/W-capacitor. The pristine sample shows a positive piezoelectric coefficient (left). After more than 8000 cycles of an ac-electric field, the piezoelectric coefficient has changed its sign and is negative (right). The polarization is pointing downward in both images. Credit: HZB

New Option: Ferroelectric Materials Without Piezoelectricity

Density functional theory calculations suggest that the positive d₃₃ in the initial state is due to a metastable polar orthorhombic phase that gradually evolves, under ac cycling, towards the fully developed stable polar phase with negative d₃₃. The DFT calculations not only suggest a mechanism for the d₃₃ sign inversion but also predict a groundbreaking result: a possible occurrence of an intrinsic non-piezoelectric ferroelectric compound, which is observed experimentally.

New Applications

“For the first time, we have been able to experimentally observe a sign inversion of the piezoelectric effect in the whole area of a capacitor in these Hafnia Zirconia ferroelectrics under applied ac electric field,” Catherine Dubourdieu states. This discovery has enormous potential for technological applications.

“As the piezoelectricity in these materials can be dynamically changed and even nullified while the polarization remains robust, we see fantastic prospects for developing ferroelectric HfO₂-based devices with electromechanical functionalities. Moreover, from a fundamental standpoint, the possibility of a non-piezoelectric ferroelectric compound would revolutionize our vision of ferroelectricity,” says Catherine Dubourdieu.

Reference: “Electrically induced cancellation and inversion of piezoelectricity in ferroelectric Hf0.5Zr0.5O2” by Haidong Lu, Dong-Jik Kim, Hugo Aramberri, Marco Holzer, Pratyush Buragohain, Sangita Dutta, Uwe Schroeder, Veeresh Deshpande, Jorge Íñiguez, Alexei Gruverman and Catherine Dubourdieu, 29 January 2024, SciTechDaily